![]() ![]() This gives visibility of the propagation of plasma clouds emitted by the Sun toward Earth, as well as views of the solar disk before it rotates into view from Earth. The L5 mission will complement measurements made from L1 by providing a view of the Sun away from the direct Sun-Earth line.The L1 mission will also monitor the solar disc and solar corona and measure solar energetic particles that may be associated with solar flares and the onset of coronal mass ejections.The primary objective of the spacecraft at L1 is to provide in-situ observations of the interplanetary medium, including solar wind speed, density, temperature and dynamic pressure, as well as characteristics of the charged particle environment and the direction and strength of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF).The L1 and L5 mission objectives have been defined as: These measurements can be used to provide space weather warnings, alerts and status information to customers on Earth.įuture mission study The Lagrange points associated with the Sun–Earth system In contrast, the L5 point (located 60 degrees behind Earth, close to its orbit) provides a way to monitor Earth-oriented coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the 'side' so as to give more precise estimates of the speed and direction of the CME. L1 is in the solar wind “upstream” from Earth, so measurements at L1 provide information about the space weather coming toward Earth. In particular, of the five Lagrangian points of the Earth-Sun system, L1 and L5 are very good locations from which spacecraft can monitor interplanetary space and solar activity. This assessment foresees positioning spacecraft in orbit at the L1 and L5 Lagrangian points - points in space where gravitational forces and the orbital motion of the spacecraft, the Sun and Earth interact to create a stable location from which to make observations. To ensure a robust capability to monitor, nowcast and forecast potentially dangerous solar events, ESA has initiated the assessment of two possible future space weather missions. In contrast to in-situ measurements, forecasting space weather (predicting conditions in the future) and 'nowcasting' space weather impacts (detecting current conditions) at Earth requires remote sensing of the Sun, the solar corona and the free solar wind outside Earth’s magnetosphere. L1 lies between Earth and the Sun Remote sensing from Lagrange points Reuse existing assets such as AAR/AIRS in Norway, IRIS in Finland and NORSTAR in CanadaĬoronal mass ejection (CME) detections through cosmic ray anisotropyįrom muon telescope networks such as the Muon Spaceweather Telescope for Anisotropies at Greifswald ( MuSTAnG) facility. ![]() Inchoherent/coherent radar network such as the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network ( SuperDARN) and from the European Incoherent SCATter Scientific Association ( EISCAT)įrom riometer networks. Detectors capable of sampling at the frequency required for scintillation measurement are less widely available and further deployment at high and low latitudes should be considered. Obtain complete global coverage through international cooperation agreements.ĭedicated GNSS receivers for scintillation monitoring. Sourced from ionospheric sounders such as the European Digital Upper Atmosphere Server ( DIAS) network. Reuse of imaging systems such as the Finnish Meteorological Institute ( FMI) realtime auroral cameras Reuse of existing station networks such EUREF from the International Association of Geodesy (IGS) Vector magnetometers, such as the International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network ( INTERMAGNET) ![]() Vector magnetic field (Magnetograms at Earth's surface) Reuse existing assets such as the Neutron Monitor Database hosted by the Extraterrestrial Physics group at the Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany ![]() Reuse existing assets such as the International Network of Solar Radio Spectrometers ( eCALLISTO)Ĭosmic ray neutron flux (at Earth's surface)Įxisting neutron monitor network. Solar radiometer − data via Canada's Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory ( DRAO) Expand to global coverage through agreements with existing assets, e.g. Use/reuse existing European solar telescopes such as the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ( IAC) contribution to the GONG network. Use/reuse existing European solar telescopes such as the Kanzelhöhe Observatory for Solar and Environmental Research, Austria. Expand to global coverage through agreements with, for example, the Global High Resolution H-alpha Network Watching from down here Kanzelhöhe Solar Observatory, AustriaĮxamples of European and international observatories and instrument networks that could be utilised in ESA's Space Weather Network are shown, as examples, in the table below. ![]()
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